Marijuana in worker’s system not evidence of impairment, but worker’s dishonesty in trying to falsify test results just cause for dismissal
An Alberta company had just cause to dismiss a worker who failed a drug test not because she had marijuana with her on the job but instead because she tried to falsify her test results, an adjudicator has ruled.
Dawn Gilbert was a pilot truck driver for D & D Energy Services, an oilfield transportation company based in Grande Prairie, Alta. Hired in 2009, Gilbert hauled heavy oilfield equipment to various oilfield sites.
D & D had a drug and alcohol policy that stated an employee who tests positive for drugs or alcohol would be placed on “indefinite leave, pending a thorough physical and psychological examination.” It also said termination could be avoided with “proper medical attention and rehabilitation.” In addition, it stipulated that possessing, consuming, and using illegal drugs in any company vehicle while on duty was a violation of the policy. Gilbert signed a letter acknowledging she read and understood the policy in 2013.
Gilbert had a disciplinary record that included a written warning for speeding in September 2011, an accident in January 2012 when her truck slid into a ditch and hit a tree, and a July 2012 incident in which she damaged a truck bumper when she backed into a cement barrier in parking lot.
On Feb. 2, 2016, D & D was contracted to move a drilling rig from one site to another. Gilbert was assigned to do road patrol in her pilot truck on a gravel lease road between the two drilling sites, which were four kilometres apart. It was early in the morning and still dark, though the road had been grated and loose snow removed.
Gilbert went around a corner in the road and lost control of the truck, sliding off the road and rolling it into the ditch. Another pilot truck driver arrived on the scene and found the truck lying on the driver’s side with airbags deployed. Gilbert was standing on the driver’s door collecting items from inside the truck and putting them in a bag. She then crawled out of a window with the bag.
The other pilot truck driver stepped out of her own truck to help and immediately smelled marijuana. Gilbert said she was uninjured and, according to the co-worker, was “walking and talking fine.”
Another driver in a large truck arrived to help and also smelled marijuana when he got out. He attached a chain to Gilbert’s truck and pulled it upright and out of the ditch with a winch on his truck. Gilbert continued to collect items that had fallen out of the back of her pilot truck, and once her truck was out of the ditch, the three of them waited for a few minutes. Neither of the other drivers mentioned the smell of marijuana to Gilbert.
Gilbert was able to start the truck and drive it to a spot in the road where she could pull over. The other pilot truck driver called D & D’s health and safety co-ordinator to report the incident and mentioned she had smelled marijuana at the accident scene.
The health and safety co-ordinator arrived at the scene about two hours later. Gilbert and the other pilot truck driver had been sitting in the latter’s truck across the road from the destination site of the drilling rig. During this time, the other truck driver noticed an overwhelming smell of marijuana coming from Gilbert’s bag, but still didn’t mention it to her.
The health and safety co-ordinator examined Gilbert’s truck and the accident scene and drove Gilbert back to Grande Prairie. During the drive, Gilbert appeared to be uninjured and coherent and she explained that she had been driving too fast, causing her to slide around the corner and into the ditch. However, the co-ordinator also noticed that Gilbert’s bag smelled like marijuana.
Post-incident drug test ordered
The co-ordinator informed Gilbert she would have to take a post-incident drug test at the office, but she told him she thought she would fail it because she had been vaping marijuana two days earlier. She denied using the drug at the time of the accident, though his truck smelled strongly of marijuana after the bag had been in it during the drive. Gilbert spent some of the time in the truck on the phone with her son.
Shortly before Gilbert was to take the test, the co-ordinator saw her go outside the office and meet someone who handed her something. Soon after, she went to the washroom and returned with a urine sample.
The health and safety administrator performing the test noticed that the temperature strip on the sample wasn’t activated, which meant the urine sample wasn’t warm enough to be tested. The administrator put a gloved finger inside and found the sample to be cold.
When asked why her sample was cold, Gilbert responded that she had just come in from outside. She was told to provide another sample which tested positive for THC, the intoxicating compound in marijuana.
D & D’s general manager was informed of the test results and met with Gilbert. Gilbert told him she didn’t have any drug problems and didn’t need any help, so the general manager terminated her employment.
The next day, Gilbert provided a doctor’s note to the health and safety co-ordinator that stated she would require modified duties as a result of injuries from the accident. The co-ordinator hadn’t yet been informed that Gilbert had been dismissed, so he contacted her and offered her modified duties, which Gilbert accepted. The day after that, Gilbert provided a note from a different doctor that said she was unable to work and she withdrew her acceptance of modified duties.
Gilbert filed a complaint for unjust dismissal under the Canada Labour Code.
The adjudicator found that the evidence showed Gilbert’s 2016 truck accident was caused by driving too fast, and this caused significant damage to her truck. This was a breach of her responsibility for driving safely and appropriately for road conditions, and she had a previous written warning for speeding, along with previous accidents causing damage to company vehicles. Based on D & D’s progressive disciplinary policy, Gilbert would have been subject to a suspension without pay for the accident, given her “pattern of careless driving behaviour,” the adjudicator said.
The adjudicator also found that there was no evidence Gilbert was impaired at the time of the accident. Despite the fact everyone smelled marijuana in her bag, all witnesses agreed she appeared to be coherent and not impaired, and no one felt the need to ask her about it. In addition, the positive test for THC did not demonstrate impairment because it can remain in the system long after impairment has ceased — and Gilbert acknowledged consuming marijuana two days earlier.
However, the cold urine sample combined with the fact Gilbert was observed being given something by someone shortly before the test supported the idea that she attempted to falsify her drug test results. This required planning and made it difficult for D & D to manage its workplace safety. Gilbert’s dishonesty constituted serious misconduct that justified dismissal, said the adjudicator.
“The issue here is not job performance, though there were demonstrated issues in that respect particularly for a professional driver related to driver safety, such as that some immediate step like a suspension would have been appropriate,” the adjudicator said. “Rather, in my view, it was the dishonesty on the part of Ms. Gilbert that effectively undermined the viability of the employment relationship because it demonstrated planning and forethought, involved others and was aimed at the integrity of a monitoring process by which the employer could try to manage the risk presented by the employee’s behaviour.” See Gilbert and D & D Energy Services Ltd., Re, 2017 CarswellNat 2499 (Can. Lab. Code Adj.).
